Heroes and Villains: A Conceptual Strategy for Assessing Their Influence

Abstract

Abstract This paper explicates the relationship between reference group theory and a neglected cognate concept –- the reference idol. Reference idols, popularly thought of as cultural heroes and villains, represent a unique category of reference objects that can have considerable influence on an individual's attitudes, identities, and action patterns. A number of major assumptions considered basic to an understanding of reference other processes are reassessed in relation to public heroes and villains. This paper suggests a scaled typology for conceptualizing the levels of influence that reference idols may have, ranging from simple admiration or disdain to actions of personal sacrifice in behalf of the hero or in opposition to the villain.