A Prospective Randomized Comparison of Traditional Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery with Needlescopic-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in the Porcine Model

Abstract

The addition of a 2-mm subcostal port and the restoration of triangulation in the NAL protocol enable shorter operative times, increased surgeon comfort, improved technical ease, and lower costs while maintaining the scarless cosmesis of the traditional LESS protocol.