Figure rotation of dark haloes in cold dark matter simulations

Abstract

We investigate the figure rotation of dark matter haloes identified in cold dark matter (CDM)
\nsimulations.We find that when strict criteria are used to select suitable haloes for study, five of
\nthe 222 haloes identified in our z = 0 simulation output undergo coherent figure rotation over
\na 5 h−1 Gyr period.We discuss the effects of varying the selection criteria and find that pattern
\nspeeds for a much larger fraction of the haloes can be measured when the criteria are relaxed.
\nPattern speeds measured over a 1 h−1 Gyr period follow a lognormal distribution, centred at
\n p = 0.2 h rad Gyr−1 with a maximum value of 0.94 h rad Gyr−1. Over a 5 h−1 Gyr period, the
\naverage pattern speed of a halo is about 0.1 h rad Gyr−1 and the largest pattern speed found is
\n0.24 h rad Gyr−1. Less than half of the selected haloes showed alignment between their figure
\nrotation axis and minor axis, the exact fraction being somewhat dependent on how one defines
\na halo. While the pattern speeds observed are lower than those generally thought capable of
\ncausing spiral structure, we note that coherent figure rotation is found over very long periods
\nand argue that further simulations would be required before strong conclusions about spiral
\nstructure in all galaxies could be drawn.