Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Estrogen Metabolism and Endometrial Cells: Potential Physiological and Pathological Relevance

Abstract

TNF-alpha increases the local estrogen biosynthesis in human endometrial glandular cells and directs estrogen metabolism into more hormonally active and carcinogenic metabolites. These effects may impact many physiological and pathological processes that occur within the endometrium.