Oesophageal bacterial biofilm changes in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's and oesophageal carcinoma: association or causality?

Abstract

This study defines differences in the oesophageal biofilm in disease states, revealing the emergence of C. concisus as the dominant new colonist in the refluxed oesophagus. We also associate the presence of these bacteria with increased expression of cytokines related to carcinogenesis.