Goldilocks Effect of a Distal Substituent on Living Ziegler−Natta Polymerization Activity and Stereoselectivity within a Class of Zirconium Amidinate-Based Initiators

Abstract

A new series of cationic zirconium amidinates, [(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )ZrMe{N(Et)C(R 3 )N( t Bu)}][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] (R 3 = Me, H, Ph, and t Bu) ( 1a − d ), were synthesized and their ability to function as initiators for the stereoselective living Ziegler−Natta polymerization of 1-hexene evaluated. Whereas 1a is highly active for the isospecific living polymerization of 1-hexene as previously reported, polymerizations conducted with 1b and 1c both display a significant loss of stereocontrol, and in the case of 1b, the polymerization is no longer living. Further, 1d was found to be inactive for polymerization. The Golidlocks effect observed for the distal R 3 substituent in this series, i.e., 1b “too small”, 1c “too large”, 1a “just right”, appears to be steric in origin. Solution and solid state structural studies suggest, however, that two different mechanisms are most likely operative for the loss of stereocontrol observed for 1b and 1c: a low barrier to metal-centered epimerization in the case of 1b and a lack of steric discrimination at the metal center for olefin binding in the case of 1c .