An Anatomical Comparison of Transpalpebral, Endoscopic, and Coronal Approaches to Demonstrate Exposure and Extent of Brow Depressor Muscle Resection

Abstract

In 24 anatomical dissections, transpalpebral corrugator resection failed to remove up to one-third of the transverse head of the corrugator muscle. Removal of the brow depressor muscles was accomplished with the endoscopic approach, as confirmed by coronal exposure.