Safety Evaluation of New Hemostatic Agents, Smectite Granules, and Kaolin-Coated Gauze in a Vascular Injury Wound Model in Swine

Abstract

WS granules caused endothelial injury and significant transmural damage to the vessels that render them nonviable for primary surgical repair. The granules can enter systemic circulation and cause distal thrombosis in vital organs. More relevant in vitro and in vivo safety tests should be required for clearance of new hemostatic agents.