Across‐persons versus within‐persons tests of expectancy‐value models: A methodological note

Abstract

Abstract It has been asserted that (I) tests of expectancy‐value models require within‐persons analyses and that (2) within‐persons analyses yield better predictions of behavioral tendencies than do across‐persons analyses. The first assertion is correct; the second is not. Justification for within‐persons tests of expectancy‐value models must be made on theoretical rather than empirical grounds.