What Teachers of Science Need to Know about Models: An overview

TLDR

A model is a representation that bridges theory and phenomenon, serving to describe, explain, predict, and communicate science, and can be multiple, empirically and conceptually tested, and used by teachers and students in classroom modelling activities. The article reviews the nature and classroom uses of scientific models, examining five subtopics—meaning, purpose, multiplicity, change, and classroom application—through a theoretical literature review. The review equips science teachers to understand and employ models effectively in their classrooms.

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the nature of models and their uses in the science classroom based on a theoretical review of literature. The ideas that science philosophers and science education researchers have in common about models and modelling are scrutinised according to five subtopics: meanings of a model, purposes of modelling, multiplicity of scientific models, change in scientific models and uses of models in the science classroom. First, a model can be defined as a representation of a target and serves as a 'bridge' connecting a theory and a phenomenon. Second, a model plays the roles of describing, explaining and predicting natural phenomena and communicating scientific ideas to others. Third, multiple models can be developed in science because scientists may have different ideas about what a target looks like and how it works and because there are a variety of semiotic resources available for constructing models. Fourth, scientific models are tested both empirically and conceptually and change along with the process of developing scientific knowledge. Fifth, in the science classroom, not only teachers but also students can take advantage of models as they are engaged in diverse modelling activities. The overview presented in this article can be used to educate science teachers and encourage them to utilise scientific models appropriately in their classrooms.