Self-Reported Frequency, Content, and Functions of Inner Speech

Abstract

This study obtained information about the frequency, content, and functions of inner speech by asking 380 participants what they typically say to themselves using an open-format thought-listing procedure. Participants mostly reported talking to themselves about themselves—i.e., evaluating the self, emotions, physical appearance, and relationships. Self-reported inner speech was also about individuals close to the self (family, friends, and intimate partner) and one's immediate physical environment. Participants listed inner speech about school, work, sports, and leisure activities. The inner speech functions of self-regulation and mnemonic aid were often mentioned. This represents the first study to explicitly examine self-reported inner speech frequency, content, and functions in adult participants.