Neoclassical, mainstream, orthodox, and heterodox economics

Abstract

This paper discusses the concepts of neoclassical, mainstream, orthodox, and heterodox economics, distinguishing temporally more general and more specific concepts. The concept of mainstream economics is based on prestige and influence and includes ideas taught in prestigious schools. Although the current mainstream (neoclassical economics included) is clearly diverse, commonality in it is more controversial. Heterodox economics can be defined negatively, in opposition either to the orthodoxy or to the mainstream. The lack of consensus generates communication problems. Another possibility would be to define heterodox economics positively, but the result in the current period may be an empty set.