Sub‐lethal effects of four neonicotinoid seed treatments on the demography and feeding behaviour of the wheat aphid <i>Sitobion avenae</i>

Abstract

The results indicate that even low concentrations of neonicotinoid treatments on wheat seeds have long-term, adverse effects on wheat aphid. As such, neonicotinoid seed treatments have far greater effects on wheat aphids than estimated by acute toxicity tests. These results benefit our understanding on the subtle effects of the four tested neonicotinoids when applied as seed treatments.