Transactions of the American Mathematical Society · 2001 · 41 citations · 11 references
Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {A}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper B"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {B}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be unital Banach algebras, and let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper M"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {M}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a Banach <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A comma script upper B"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {A},\mathcal {B}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-module. Then <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper T equals Start 2 By 2 Matrix 1st Row 1st Column script upper A 2nd Column a m p semicolon script upper M 2nd Row 1st Column 0 2nd Column a m p semicolon script upper B EndMatrix"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {T} = \begin {bmatrix}\mathcal {A} & \mathcal {M}\\ 0 & \mathcal {B} \end {bmatrix}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> becomes a <italic>triangular Banach algebra</italic> when equipped with the Banach space norm <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="Start 2 By 2 Matrix 1st Row 1st Column a 2nd Column a m p semicolon m 2nd Row 1st Column 0 2nd Column a m p semicolon b EndMatrix equals double-vertical-bar a double-vertical-bar Subscript script upper A Baseline plus double-vertical-bar m double-vertical-bar Subscript script upper M Baseline plus double-vertical-bar b double-vertical-bar Subscript script upper B"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo symmetric="true">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo symmetric="true">‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left \Vert \begin {bmatrix} a & m\\ 0 & b \end {bmatrix} \right \Vert = \Vert a \Vert _{\mathcal {A}} + \Vert m \Vert _{\mathcal {M}} + \Vert b \Vert _{\mathcal {B}}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. A Banach algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper T"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {T}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is said to be <italic><inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-weakly amenable</italic> if all derivations from <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper T"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {T}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> into its <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n Superscript normal t normal h"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n^{\mathrm {th}}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> dual space <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper T Superscript left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {T}^{(n)}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> are inner. In this paper we investigate Arens regularity and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-weak amenability of a triangular Banach algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper T"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class
11
The second conjugate space of a Banach algebra as an algebra
Paul Civin, Bertram Yood · Pacific Journal of Mathematics · 1961 · 247 citations · Full text
Shôichirô Sakai · Annals of Mathematics · 1966 · 205 citations
Derivations of Operator Algebras
Richard V. Kadison · Annals of Mathematics · 1966 · 201 citations · Full text