Electrical penetration graph technique as a tool to monitor the early stages of aphid resistance to insecticides

Abstract

Sulfoxaflor provoked feeding cessation more rapidly than imidacloprid in both aphid populations. Sharp differences in feeding behaviour were detected between the susceptible and the moderately resistant neonicotinoid-resistant aphid populations. The EPG technique can be used as a useful tool to give new insights into the functional effects of new chemical compounds and for early detection of low to moderate levels of resistance of sap-feeding insects to insecticides. The potential of this technique was validated by molecular analysis of the R81T mutation target site.