The influence of forage fish abundance on the aggregation of Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) and their catchability in the fishery

Abstract

Shifts in the distribution and aggregation patterns of exploited fish populations can affect the behavior and success of fishermen and can complicate the interpretation of fisheries-dependent data. Starting in 2006, coinciding with an increase in sand lance (Ammodytes spp.) abundance, Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) concentrated on Stellwagen Bank, a small (405 km 2 ) underwater plateau located in the southwestern portion of the larger (52 461 km 2 ) stock area. The cod fishery in turn concentrated on Stellwagen Bank. Specifically, the proportion of Gulf of Maine cod landings caught in a single 10-minute square area (260 km 2 ) encompassing the tip of Stellwagen Bank increased from 12% in 2005 to 45% in 2010. An increase in landings per unit effort in the fishery coincided with the concentration of the fleet on Stellwagen Bank. Overall, both fisheries-independent and fisheries-dependent data indicate that an increase in sand lance abundance resulted in cod aggregating in a small and predictable area where they were easily caught by the fishery. More broadly, this work illustrates how changes in the distribution patterns of fish and fisherman can decouple trends in abundance and fisheries catch per unit effort.