Antigenic and genetic characterization of a novel hemagglutinin subtype of influenza A viruses from gulls

Abstract

Influenza A virus isolates from ring-billed, Franklin, blackback, and herring gulls in the United States possess a hemagglutinin (HA) distinct from the 12 reference HA subtypes. Serological assays (hemagglutination inhibition and double-immunodiffusion) with specific antisera to reference strains and to a representative gull isolate showed that the HA of the gull virus was not antigenically related to that of any known subtype. The gull virus did not replicate in ducks or chickens but did replicate in ferrets. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences (and deduced amino acid sequences) of the 3' 20% of the HA genes of these viruses indicates that the gull viruses represent a genetically distinct group. We propose that this HA, which has been detected only in gull isolates thus far, be called the H13 subtype.