Embedding ecosystem services in coastal planning leads to better outcomes for people and nature

TLDR

Recent calls for ocean planning envision informed management of social and ecological systems to sustain delivery of ecosystem services to people, yet no coastal and marine planning process has applied an ecosystem‑services framework to understand human impacts, create scenarios, and design a management plan. We developed models quantifying services from corals, mangroves, and seagrasses, and used them in an extensive engagement process to design a national spatial plan for Belize’s coastal zone, iterating modeling and stakeholder input to produce a preferred plan under formal consideration. The preferred plan is projected to yield higher returns from coastal protection and tourism, reduce habitat impacts, increase lobster fishing revenues, improve coastal protection by >25%, and more than double fishing revenue compared to earlier stakeholder‑based versions.

Abstract

Recent calls for ocean planning envision informed management of social and ecological systems to sustain delivery of ecosystem services to people. However, until now, no coastal and marine planning process has applied an ecosystem-services framework to understand how human activities affect the flow of benefits, to create scenarios, and to design a management plan. We developed models that quantify services provided by corals, mangroves, and seagrasses. We used these models within an extensive engagement process to design a national spatial plan for Belize's coastal zone. Through iteration of modeling and stakeholder engagement, we developed a preferred plan, currently under formal consideration by the Belizean government. Our results suggest that the preferred plan will lead to greater returns from coastal protection and tourism than outcomes from scenarios oriented toward achieving either conservation or development goals. The plan will also reduce impacts to coastal habitat and increase revenues from lobster fishing relative to current management. By accounting for spatial variation in the impacts of coastal and ocean activities on benefits that ecosystems provide to people, our models allowed stakeholders and policymakers to refine zones of human use. The final version of the preferred plan improved expected coastal protection by >25% and more than doubled the revenue from fishing, compared with earlier versions based on stakeholder preferences alone. Including outcomes in terms of ecosystem-service supply and value allowed for explicit consideration of multiple benefits from oceans and coasts that typically are evaluated separately in management decisions.