Inhibition of the Growth of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in Immature Human Dendritic Cells Is Dependent on the Expression of TNF-α Receptor 2

Abstract

An effective immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in humans is dependent on the cellular immune response. Toxoplasma can infect and replicate in almost all nucleated cells, and the most important cytokine regulating the growth in humans is IFN-gamma; however, the role of TNF-alpha has to date been largely described to be synergistic. We show that, compared with mature human dendritic cells (mDC), immature human DC (iDC) demonstrate a reduced parasite proliferation when infected with Toxoplasma. This toxoplasmostasis was only present in iDC after 11 days of culture and was not present in DC that had been matured ex vivo using a cytokine mixture (mDC). Spontaneous toxoplasmostatic activity has previously only been described in fresh human monocytes, and the mechanism involved is as yet unclear. We show that, in comparison with an absence of expression in mDC, TNF-R2 is expressed in both iDC and monocytes infected with Toxoplasma, and furthermore, that blocking the TNF-R2 with Abs abrogates the toxoplasmostasis in the iDC. These findings demonstrate a functional role for TNF-R2 in the newly described spontaneous toxoplasmostasis of iDC.