Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric CO₂

Abstract

We synthesize estimates of the contemporary net air‐sea CO 2 flux on the basis of an inversion of interior ocean carbon observations using a suite of 10 ocean general circulation models (Mikaloff Fletcher et al., 2006, 2007) and compare them to estimates based on a new climatology of the air‐sea difference of the partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2 ) (Takahashi et al., 2008). These two independent flux estimates reveal a consistent description of the regional distribution of annual mean sources and sinks of atmospheric CO 2 for the decade of the 1990s and the early 2000s with differences at the regional level of generally less than 0.1 Pg C a −1 . This distribution is characterized by outgassing in the tropics, uptake in midlatitudes, and comparatively small fluxes in thehigh latitudes. Both estimates point toward a small (∼ −0.3 Pg C a −1 ) contemporary CO 2 sink in the Southern Ocean (south of 44°S), a result of the near cancellation between a substantial outgassing of natural CO 2 and a strong uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 . A notable exception in the generally good agreement between the two estimates exists within the Southern Ocean: the ocean inversion suggests a relatively uniform uptake, while the p CO 2 ‐based estimate suggests strong uptake in the region between 58°S and 44°S, and a source in the region south of 58°S. Globally and for a nominal period between 1995 and 2000, the contemporary net air‐sea flux of CO 2 is estimated to be −1.7 ± 0.4 Pg C a −1 (inversion) and −1.4 ± 0.7 Pg C a −1 ( p CO 2 ‐climatology), respectively, consisting of an outgassing flux of river‐derived carbon of ∼+0.5 Pg C a −1 , and an uptake flux of anthropogenic carbon of −2.2 ± 0.3 Pg C a −1 (inversion) and −1.9 ± 0.7 Pg C a −1 ( p CO 2 ‐climatology). The two flux estimates also imply a consistent description of the contemporary meridional transport of carbon with southward ocean transport throughout most of the Atlantic basin, and strong equatorward convergence in the Indo‐Pacific basins. Both transport estimates suggest a small hemispheric asymmetry with a southward transport of between −0.2 and −0.3 Pg C a −1 across the equator. While the convergence of these two independent estimates is encouraging and suggests that it is now possible to provide relatively tight constraints for the net air‐sea CO 2 fluxes at the regional basis, both studies are limited by their lack of consideration of long‐term changes in the ocean carbon cycle, such as the recent possible stalling in the expected growth of the Southern Ocean carbon sink.