Bulk curves from boundary data in holography

Abstract

We embed spherical Rindler space---a geometry with a spherical hole in its center---in asymptotically anti-- de Sitter (AdS) spacetime and show that it carries a gravitational entropy proportional to the area of the hole. Spherical AdS-Rindler space is holographically dual to an ultraviolet sector of the boundary field theory given by restriction to a strip of finite duration in time. Because measurements have finite durations, local observers in the field theory can only access information about bounded spatial regions. We propose a notion of differential entropy that captures uncertainty about the state of a system left by the collection of local, finite-time observables. For two-dimensional conformal field theories we use holography and the strong subadditivity of entanglement to propose a formula for differential entropy and show that it precisely reproduces the areas of circular holes in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$. Extending the notion to field theories on strips with variable durations in time, we show more generally that differential entropy computes the areas of all closed, inhomogeneous curves on a spatial slice of ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$. We discuss the extension to higher-dimensional field theories, the relation of differential entropy to entanglement between scales, and some implications for the emergence of space from the renormalization group flow of entangled field theories.