Upregulation of interleukin‐1β/transforming growth factor‐β1 and hypoxia relate to molecular mechanisms underlying immobilization‐induced muscle contracture

Abstract

In the early stages of immobilization, upregulation of IL-1β/TGF-β1 via macrophages may promote fibroblast differentiation that could affect muscle contracture. The soleus muscle became hypoxic in the later stages of immobilization, suggesting that hypoxia influences the progression of muscle contracture.