Many-Body Localization in One Dimension as a Dynamical Renormalization Group Fixed Point

TLDR

The authors develop a dynamical real‑space renormalization‑group framework to study the time evolution of a random spin‑1/2 chain or interacting fermions initialized with fixed particle positions. Near the infinite‑randomness fixed point, this RG becomes asymptotically exact, permitting analytic calculation of time‑dependent observables. They identify the many‑body localized phase as a dynamical infinite‑randomness fixed point, explain the universal logarithmic entanglement growth delayed by the inverse interaction strength, show that the interacting system fails to thermalize, and attribute this to an infinite set of emergent integrals of motion that define a generalized Gibbs ensemble.

Abstract

We formulate a dynamical real space renormalization group (RG) approach to describe the time evolution of a random spin-1/2 chain, or interacting fermions, initialized in a state with fixed particle positions. Within this approach we identify a many-body localized state of the chain as a dynamical infinite randomness fixed point. Near this fixed point our method becomes asymptotically exact, allowing analytic calculation of time dependent quantities. In particular, we explain the striking universal features in the growth of the entanglement seen in recent numerical simulations: unbounded logarithmic growth delayed by a time inversely proportional to the interaction strength. This is in striking contrast to the much slower entropy growth as loglogt found for noninteracting fermions with bond disorder. Nonetheless, even the interacting system does not thermalize in the long time limit. We attribute this to an infinite set of approximate integrals of motion revealed in the course of the RG flow, which become asymptotically exact conservation laws at the fixed point. Hence we identify the many-body localized state with an emergent generalized Gibbs ensemble.