Evolution of<scp>N</scp>ew<scp>Z</scp>ealand insects: summary and prospectus for future research

Abstract

Abstract Knowledge on the evolution of the N ew Z ealand insect fauna is reviewed and outstanding questions are highlighted. The N ew Z ealand insect fauna is a composite of old and recent lineages and many spectacular examples of evolutionary processes are evident, including species radiations, hybridisation and unusual adaptations. We discuss the origins and evolution of four prominent communities within the insect fauna: terrestrial lowland insects, alpine insects, aquatic insects and insect communities from offshore islands. Within each of these communities, significant lineages are discussed, and in particular the crucial adaptations that enable these lineages to thrive and diversify. Glacial history has had a dramatic impact on the N ew Z ealand insects, and the effects on different lineages are discussed. The N ew Z ealand insects are unique, yet many are threatened with extinction, and efforts to preserve the fauna are reviewed. Despite the accumulating knowledge, major gaps still exist and these are outlined, as are opportunities to address key questions. The review concludes with a synthesis and a discussion of how systematics, new technologies and integrative approaches have the promise to improve dramatically our understanding of N ew Z ealand insect evolution.