Fetal urine biochemistry at 13-23 weeks of gestation in lower urinary tract obstruction: criteria for<i>in-utero</i>treatment

Abstract

Fetal urinalysis before 23 weeks of gestation allowed distinction between three groups: 1) fetuses with normal urine biochemistry for which fetal therapy should be discussed; 2) fetuses with abnormal urine biochemistry for which prognosis for renal outcome is poor and for which the benefit of fetal therapy is likely to be compromised; 3) fetuses with urodigestive fistula.