Dual involvements of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase expressions in ketamine‐induced ulcerative cystitis in rat bladder

Abstract

Ketamine treatment affected bladder tissues by enhancing interstitial fibrosis and accelerating macrophages infiltration. Ketamine also initiated the up-regulations of COX-2 and iNOS and eNOS expressions. These up-regulated enzymes might play an important role in contributing to ketamine-induced alterations in micturition patterns and ulcerative cystitis.