Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Fiber Acoustic Sensor With a Dual Cladding Modes Fiber Up-Taper Interferometer

Abstract

We propose a novel dual cladding modes fiber up-taper interferometer-based surface-mounted acoustic sensor. It consists of two optimized fiber fusion up-tapers along a single-mode fiber that enable it to excite dual cladding modes, which leads to its interference pattern with an extinction ratio of more than 20 dB, guaranteeing it to be used as an intensity-modulated fiber acoustic sensor (FAS) with an ultrahigh sensitivity. Under an acoustic pressure, its simultaneous responses in wavelength shift and intermodal power coupling change contribute to its ultrahigh sensitivity. The sensitivity of the proposed FAS reaches 2.65 V/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> Pa and is 33.5 times bigger than that of the piezoelectric acoustic sensor.