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Demography and population trends of Whooping Cranes
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31
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2012
Year
Breeding BehaviorPopulation SizePopulation HistoryWildlife EcologyEvolutionary BiologyWhooping CranesDemographic MeasurementsWhooping Crane DemographyPopulation Growth RatePopulation DevelopmentPopulation StudyWildlife ManagementDemographyPublic HealthPopulation EcologyHabitat ManagementConservation Biology
ABSTRACT Previous studies of Whooping Crane demography used estimates of fecundity rates based on females in captivity, and breeding success was estimated based on either the number of unbanded pairs nesting or the number arriving in wintering areas with chicks. We analyzed demographic data from 12 cohorts of banded Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) from the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge/Wood Buffalo National Park (ANWR/WBNP) population that had not been compiled previously into a single data base and had not been included in previous population analyses. We estimated age-specific survival and natality, parameterized an age-structured density-dependent model, and projected population sizes assuming two different estimates of wintering ground carrying capacity. Sixty-seven of 132 birds banded between 1977 and 1988 formed nesting pairs, females first produced hatchlings when 3 to 7 yrs old, and the annual proportion of mature females that reproduced successfully ranged from 0.566 to 0.606. Population projections indicate that the down-listing criterion of reaching a population size of 1000 individuals might be attained considerably later than the target year (2035) indicated in the Whooping Crane recovery plan. Even assuming that all suitable habitat within a ∼100-km radius of their current winter range could be occupied, projections suggest that population size may be ∼700 in 2035, and might not reach 1000 individuals until the mid-2060s. Based on their territorial behavior on the wintering grounds, long generation time and faithfulness to their migratory route, we suspect that the population growth rate may decrease markedly in the near future and the ANWR/WBNP population may remain below the target down-listing size of 1000 individuals. Estudios previos de demografía de la Grulla Blanca usaron estimativos de fecundidad usando hembras en cautiverio, y el éxito reproductivo fue estimado basado en el numero de parejas anidando no anilladas o en el número de parejas arribando a las áreas de invierno con juveniles. Analizamos datos demográficos de 12 cohortes anilladas de G. americana en el refugio nacional de vida silvestre de Aransas y en el parque nacional Wood Buffalo (ANWR/WBNP), estos datos no habían sido compilados anteriormente en una sola base de datos y no habían sido incluidos en previos análisis poblacionales. Estimamos la supervivencia y natalidad a edades especificas, parametrizamos una estructura de edad en un modelo dependiente de la densidad y proyectamos tamaños poblacionales asumiendo dos estimados diferentes de capacidad de carga en las áreas de invierno. Sesenta y siete de las 132 aves anilladas entre 1977 y 1988 formaron parejas reproductivas, las hembras produjeron polluelos por primera vez cuando tenían de 3 a 7 años, y la proporción anual de hembras que se reprodujeron exitosamente varió desde 0,566 hasta 0,606. Las proyecciones poblacionales indican que la población de 1000 individuos, criterio establecido para mover a la G. americana a una categoría de amenaza más baja, puede alcanzarse considerablemente más tarde que el año meta (2035), indicado en el plan de recuperación de G. americana. Incluso asumiendo que todo el hábitat adecuado en un radio de ∼100-km del actual rango invernal pueda ser ocupado, proyecciones sugieren que el tamaño poblacional puede ser de ∼700 en el 2035, y puede que no alcance los 1000 individuos hasta mediados del 2060. Basándonos en el comportamiento territorial en sus areas de invierno, el largo tiempo generacional y la fidelidad a su ruta migratoria, sospechamos que la tasa de crecimiento poblacional puede disminuir marcadamente en un futuro cercano y que la población de ANWR/WBNP puede continuar por debajo del objetivo de 1000 individuos para moverlos a una categoría de amenaza más baja. Table S1. Survivorship of Whooping Cranes banded from 1977 to 1988. Age of survivorship in gray, alive in 2004 in white. U.S. Fishery and Wildlife Service number, year banded and sex. Original band and current appearance if it changed is in parenthesis. Nomenclature: A dash ``-'' separates color left leg band from the right leg band. A slash ``/'' = one band above another same leg. Upper case letter = 80 mm band, Lower case letter = 40 mm band, No ring (NIL), High Silver (HS = small metal band above the tibiotarsus), Low Silver (LS = small metal band above the foot), Faded Tan (FT), Slippage (SL= two bands in the same leg positioned inside of the other), WORN = portions of color missing from a band, Radio-banded (*), description code for color band see Kuyt and Goosen (1987). Table S2. Natality data for 33 banded Whooping Cranes from 1977 to 1988. Age of first reproduction and number of eggs laid at the indicated age (years) by females in each of nine cohorts are included (no females were banded in 1978 and 1983; in 1981, no female reached maturity age). X = No nest, Gray = Death; ? = No nest found; * = Few data available. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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