Reversible Video Watermarking Using Motion Estimation and Prediction Error Expansion

Abstract

In this paper, a novel reversible video watermarking scheme using motion estimation and prediction error expansion is presented, which can embed a large amount of secret data into videos with imperceptible modification. Different with other reversible water-marking schemes based on prediction error expansion, motion estimation is employed to explore the relationship of neighboring frames and work out prediction errors, which sig-nificantly sharpen the distribution of prediction errors. Then histogram modification is used to expand the prediction errors, wherein a prediction error is changed by 1 or left un-changed for embedding one secret bit. Due to the slight modification of pixels, high video quality is preserved. In the phases of motion estimation and histogram modification, a lit-tle side information used for extracting and recovering are generated, which will be com-bined with the secret bits and embedded into the video. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides a much larger watermark capacity and a better quality of watermarked video than those of as reported in other state-of-the-art literature.