Battery 2<sup>nd</sup> life: Leveraging the sustainability potential of EVs and renewable energy grid integration

Abstract

Battery 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> life storage systems are a result of the synergies between the automotive and power generation sectors. They leverage the sustainability potential of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy grid integration simultaneously. The vast experience of automobile manufacturers in battery system manufacturing and long-term operation in EVs provide a strong basis for replicating their success in the stationary storage market within smart grid applications. This paper provides the methodical and analytical basis for assessing an operational battery 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> life system and deducting an effective control strategy for attaining maximum system performance with minimum battery cell aging. Suggested optimisation measures are based on a detailed analysis of logged data from Europe's first battery 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> life system, focussing on SoCs, c-rates and cell temperatures.