The Phosphocreatine Circuit: Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Creatine Kinases, Sensitivity to Free Radicals, and Enhancement by Creatine Supplementation

Abstract

This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Phosphotransfer Enzymes: The Creatine Kinase System Microcompartments: A Principle of Life Subcellular Compartments and Microcompartments of CK Tissue-specific Expression of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Temporal and Spatial Buffering Functions of Creatine Kinases: The CK–Phosphocreatine Circuit A Closer Look at CK (Micro)Compartments and High-energy Phosphate Channeling Subcellular Compartmentation of CK at the Myofibrillar M-band: ATP Regeneration for Muscle Contraction Subcellular Localization of CK at the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Plasma Membrane Subcellular Compartments of CK at the Plasma Membrane and Functional Coupling with Na+/K+-ATPase Structural and Functional Coupling of Cytosolic CK with ATP-sensitive K+ Channels and KCC2 CK Interaction with the Golgi GM130 Protein Specific Compartments of Cytosolic CK with Insulin and Thrombin Signaling Pathways Subcellular Compartments of CK with Glycolytic Enzymes and Targeting of Glycolytic Multi-enzyme Complexes High-energy Phosphate Channeling by MtCK in Energy-transducing Mitochondrial Compartments Creatine Kinases and Cell Pathology Mitochondrial MtCK, the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore, and Apoptosis Mitochondrial MtCK and Intramitochondrial Inclusions in Mitochondrial Myopathy Overexpression of MtCK in Certain Malignancies Novel Membrane-related Functions of MtCK Transfer of Lipids by Proteins That Bridge the Inner and Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Lipid Transfer at Contact Sites Cardiolipin Transfer and Apoptosis Cardiolipin Domains and Mitochondrial Kinases Perspectives: Relationship Between the Surface Exposure of Cardiolipin and Expression Levels of Mitochondrial Kinases Exquisite Sensitivity of the Creatine Kinase System to Oxidative Damage Molecular Damage of Creatine Kinase by Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Molecular Basis of Creatine Kinase Damage Functional Consequences of Oxidative Damage in Creatine Kinase Enhancement of Brain Functions and Neuroprotection by Creatine Supplementation Creatine Metabolism and Brain Energetics Disturbance of the CK System or Creatine Metabolism in the Brain Body and Brain Creatine Metabolism Effects of Creatine on Memory, Mental Performance, and Complex Tasks Creatine Supplementation and Neurodegenerative Diseases Creatine Supplementation and Acute Neurological Disorders Inborn Errors of Metabolism Psychiatric Disorders Neurorestorative Strategies Future Prospects of Creatine Supplementation as Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategy Non-energy–related Effects of Creatine Creatine as a Safe Nutritional Supplement and Functional Food References