Cytokines and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in the terminal ileum of hypoxic/hyperoxic neonatal rats: benefits of probiotics supplementation.

Abstract

The combination of suboptimal nutrition due to removal of breast milk and formula feeding with hyperoxia/hypoxia may increase susceptibility to oxidative stress, inflammation, and NEC. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are protective against oxidative stress and inflammation, but their efficacy may be reduced when administered during hyperoxia/hypoxia insults.