Polaronic mass renormalization of impurities in Bose-Einstein condensates: Correlated Gaussian-wave-function approach

Abstract

We propose a class of variational Gaussian wave functions to describe Fr\"ohlich polarons at finite momenta. Our wave functions give polaron energies that are in excellent agreement with the existing Monte Carlo results for a broad range of interactions. We calculate the effective mass of polarons and find smooth crossover between weak- and intermediate-coupling strength. Effective masses that we obtain are considerably larger than those predicted by the mean-field method. A prediction based on our variational wave functions is a special pattern of correlations between host atoms that can be measured in time-of-flight experiments.