The effect of traumatic injuries to primary teeth on their permanent successors

Abstract

abstract – A material of 207 permanent teeth (including 90 cases collected from the literature), traumatized during’development by injuries to primary teeth, has been analyzed in a clinical, radiographic, histologic, microradiographic, and electron microscopic study. It appears from this examination that such developmental disturbances may be classified into distinct clinico‐pathologic entities, i.e. — (1) white or yellow‐brown discoloration of enamel, (2) white or yellow‐brown discoloration of enamel and horizontal enamel hypoplasia, (3) crown dilaceration, (4) odontome‐like malformation, (5) root duplication, (6) vestibular root angulation, (7) lateral root angulation or dilaceration, (8) partial or complete arrest of root formation, (9) sequestration of entire tooth germ, and (10) ectopic, premature, or delayed eruption or impaction.