Conodont color alteration; an index to organic metamorphism

TLDR

Color alteration in conodonts is directly linked to burial depth, duration, and geothermal gradient, and correlates with fixed carbon, vitrinite reflectance, palynomorph translucency, and isopach data. The study identifies five irreversible color stages from pale yellow to black, demonstrates that conodont color alteration is time‑ and temperature‑dependent, maps systematic CAI gradients across the Appalachian basin, and establishes that this rapid, inexpensive method provides reliable thermal cutoffs for hydrocarbon generation and indicates the upper thermal limit for palynomorph preservation.

Abstract

Field and laboratory experiments show that color alteration in conodonts is directly related to the depth and duration of burial and the geothermal gradient and correlates with fixed carbon, vitrinite reflectance, palynomorph translucency, and isopach data. Five progressive and irreversible color changes ranging from pale yellow to black are discriminated. Compilation of color alteration index (CAI) maps for limestones of several ages in the Appalachian basin show: (1) a general systematic change from pale yellow (CAI = 1) to black (CAI = 5) from west to east; (2) within a structural belt, older conodonts are darkest; (3) fixed carbon values determined from coals cannot be directly applied to carbonate rocks; (4) several areas of anomalously low CAI values in windows exposing Ordovician rocks within the Blue Ridge-Piedmont terrane. Data show: (1) color alteration of conodonts is time and temperature dependent; (2) the sequence of color change from pale yellow to black found in field collections is the same as that produced by heating alone; (3) upper and lower geologic temperature limits for each CAI determined from a log time versus reciprocal of absolute temperature plot. Water in combination with confined pressure retards color alteration. The color alteration of conodonts ismore » a valuable tool for assessing organic metamorphism because it is a rapid and inexpensive method requiring only standard laboratory techniques and a binocular microscope. The technique provides thermal cutoffs for oil, condensate, and dry gas generation. Conodont color alteration begins near the upper thermal limit for the preservation of many palynomorphs.« less