Lipid regulation of cell membrane structure and function

TLDR

Recent studies have shown that membrane lipids, especially cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine, regulate ion pumps, enzyme activity, membrane morphology, fusion, and lipid asymmetry, shaping cellular membrane function. Cholesterol is essential for ion pump activity and enzyme function, while phosphatidylethanolamine intermediates in phase transitions promote membrane fusion. FASEB J.

Abstract

Recent studies of structure-function relationships in biological membranes have revealed fundamental concepts concerning the regulation of cellular membrane function by membrane lipids. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles played by two membrane lipids: cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Cholesterol has been shown to regulate ion pumps, which in some cases show an absolute dependence on cholesterol for activity. These studies suggest that an essential role that cholesterol plays in mammalian cell biology is to enable crucial membrane enzymes to provide function necessary for cell survival. Studies of phosphatidylethanolamine regulation of membrane protein activity and regulation of membrane morphology led to hypotheses concerning the roles for this particular lipid in biological membranes. New information on lipid-protein interactions and on the nature of the lipid head groups has permitted the development of mechanistic hypotheses for the regulation of membrane protein activity by phosphatidylethanolamine. In addition, intermediates in the lamellarnonlamellar phase transitions of membrane systems containing phosphatidylethanolamine, or other lipids with similar properties, have recently been implicated in facilitating membrane fusion. Finally, studies of transmembrane movement of lipids have provided new insight into the regulation of membrane lipid asymmetry and the biogenesis of cell membranes. These kinds of studies are harbingers of a new generation of progress in the field of cell membranes.—Yeagle, P. L. Lipid regulation of cell membrane structure and function. FASEB J. 3: 1833-1842; 1989.