GASTRIC ANTACID AND ANTI-SECRETORY DRUGS: A SURVEY BASED PRIMARILY ON THEIR EFFECTS UPON GASTRIC SECRETION IN MAN

Abstract

Article1 October 1951GASTRIC ANTACID AND ANTI-SECRETORY DRUGS: A SURVEY BASED PRIMARILY ON THEIR EFFECTS UPON GASTRIC SECRETION IN MANJOSEPH B. KIRSNER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P., WALTER L. PALMER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P., ERWIN LEVIN, M.A., M.D., ARTHUR P. KLOTZ, M.D.JOSEPH B. KIRSNER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, WALTER L. PALMER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, ERWIN LEVIN, M.A., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ARTHUR P. KLOTZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-35-4-785 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe medical management of peptic ulcer in large part comprises the use of compounds which either neutralize or inhibit temporarily the output of hydrochloric acid.1 The rationale of this treatment and evaluation of its therapeutic efficacy are beyond the scope of the present study. The purpose of this paper is rather to survey the current status of antacid and antisecretory drugs with reference primarily to their effects upon gastric secretion in man.METHODS AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF ANTACID AND INHIBITORY EFFECTThe various procedures for estimating the efficiency of antacid and antisecretory drugs are of limited scope and are...Bibliography1. KirsnerPalmer JBWL(a) : The present management of peptic ulcer, Illinois M. J. 94: 357, 1948. (b) Jones, C. M.: Medical and surgical treatment of peptic ulcer, Bull. New York Acad. Med. 25: 488, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. JohnsonDuncan EHJ(a) : The chemical testing of antacids, Quart. J. and Year Book Pharmacy 18: 251, 1945. (b) Holbert, J. M., Noble, N., and Grote, I. W.: A study of antacid buffers. I. The time factor in neutralization of gastric acidity, J. Am. Pharm. A. 36: 149, 1947. II. Prolonged neutralizations, Ibid. 37: 292, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. LevinKirsnerPalmerButler EJBWLC: Nocturnal gastric secretion: studies on normal subjects and on patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma, Arch. Surg. 56: 345, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Wolf S: Effects of suggestion and conditioning on the action of chemical agents in human subjects—The pharmacology of placebos, J. Clin. Investigation 29: 100, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BattermanEhrenfeld RCI: The ambulant treatment of the peptic ulcer syndrome: The comparative effectiveness and constipating action of antacids, Gastroenterology 9: 141, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar6. Sandweiss DJ(a) : Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer with histidine monochloride (larostidin), J. A. M. A. 106: 1452, 1936. (b) Flood, C. A., and Mullins, C. R.: Treatment of peptic ulcer by means of injections, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 3: 303, 1936-37. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. CumminsGrossmanIvy GMMIAC(a) : A study of the time of "healing" of peptic ulcer in a series of sixty-nine cases of duodenal and gastric craters, Gastroenterology 7: 1, 1946. (b) Pollard, H. M., Bachrach, W. H., and Block, M.: The rate of healing of gastric ulcers, Gastroenterology 8: 435, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar8. RickettsPalmerKirsnerHamann WEWLJBA: Radiation therapy in peptic ulcer, Gastroenterology 11: 789, 807, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar9. HollanderMage FS: A statistical method for evaluating the results of treatment for peptic ulcer, Surg., Gynec. and Obst. 76: 533, 1943. Google Scholar10. BralowSpellbergKrollNecheles SPMAHH: Peptic ulcer in man. I. The ulcer problem. II. The status of ulcer therapy. III. Evaluation of ulcer therapy, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 17: 41, 86, 119, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Hollander F(a) : What constitutes effective neutralization of gastric contents? Am. J. Digest. Dis. 6: 127, 1939. (b) Gill, A. M., and Keeler, C. A.: Pepsin inactivation in ulcer therapy, Brit. M. J. 2: 194, 1943. Google Scholar12. FriedenwaldMorrison JS: Use of gastric antacids, J. A. M. A. 108: 879, 1937. CrossrefGoogle Scholar13. BerkRehfussThomas JEMEJE: In situ effects of antacids in duodenal ulcer, Arch. Int. Med. 72: 46, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar14. LoevenhartCrandall ASLA: Calcium carbonate in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity syndrome and in gastric and duodenal ulcer, J. A. M. A. 88: 1557, 1927. CrossrefGoogle Scholar15. KirsnerPalmer JBWL: The effect of various antacids on the hydrogen-ion concentrations of the gastric contents, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 7: 85, 1940. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16. Kirsner JB: The effect of calcium carbonate, aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide on mineral excretion in man, J. Clin. Investigation 22: 47, 1943. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Kirsner JB: A study of alkalosis with special reference to the electrolyte composition of the blood serum and the role of the kidney, Ph.D. Thesis, Div. Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, 1942. Google Scholar18. Greenwald I(a) : Gastric antacids which cannot act as systemic alkalis, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 20: 436, 1923. (b) Shattuck, H. F., Rohdenburg, E. L., and Booher, L. E.: Antacids in the medical management of peptic ulcer, J. A. M. A. 82: 200, 1924. CrossrefGoogle Scholar19. Brown EA: The laboratory and clinical evaluation of a new antacid preparation, Ohio State M. J. 45: 875, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar20. WosikaEmery PHES(a) : The value of powdered milk and alkali for neutralizing the gastric acidity of patients with peptic ulcer, Arch. Int. Med. 9: 1078, 1936. (b) Wosika, P. H.: The control of gastric acidity in peptic ulcer by alkalinized powdered skimmed milk tablets, Am. J. M. Sc. 195: 676, 1938. LinkGoogle Scholar21. DaviesLongmuir RENM: Production of ulcers in isolated frog gastric mucosa, Biochem. J. 42: 621, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar22. Crohn BB: The clinical use of colloidal aluminum hydroxide as a gastric antacid, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 14: 610, 1929. Google Scholar23. EinselAdamsMyers IHWLVC: Aluminum hydroxide in the treatment of peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 1: 513, 1934. CrossrefGoogle Scholar24. AdamsEinselMyers WLIHVC: Aluminum hydroxide as an antacid in peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 3: 112, 1936-37. CrossrefGoogle Scholar25. BennettGill TIAM: Colloidal aluminum hydroxide in the treatment of peptic ulcer, Lancet 1: 500, 1939. CrossrefGoogle Scholar26. RutherfordEmery RBES: The clinical effect of colloidal aluminum hydroxide on patients with peptic ulcer, New England J. Med. 220: 407, 1939. CrossrefGoogle Scholar27. WilkinsonComanduras SAPD: The treatment of peptic ulcer with aluminum hydroxide: a two year study, New England J. Med. 223: 972, 1940. CrossrefGoogle Scholar28. CollinsPritchettRossmiller ENCPHR: The use of aluminum hydroxide in the treatment of peptic ulcer, J. A. M. A. 116: 109, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar29. IvyTerryFauleyBradley ACLGBWB: The effect of administration of aluminum preparations on the secretory activity and gastric acidity of the normal stomach, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 3: 879, 1936-37. CrossrefGoogle Scholar30. KomarovKomarov SAO: The precipitability of pepsin by colloidal aluminum hydroxide, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 7: 166, 1940. CrossrefGoogle Scholar31. WarrenFrontKirsner IAJJB: The effect of antacid therapy on the peptic activity of gastric juice in man, Gastroenterology 1: 102, 1943. Google Scholar32. Kirsner JB: The effect of aluminum hydroxide on the acid-base balance and on renal function, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 160, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar33. Smith FH: Non-reactive aluminum hydroxide in the treatment of peptic ulcer, Gastroenterology 8: 494, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar34. FauleyFreemanIvyAtkinson GBSACAJ: Aluminum phosphate in the therapy of peptic ulcer, Arch. Int. Med. 67: 563, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar35. JohnsonDuncan EHJ(a) : The chemical testing of antacids, Quart. J. Pharm. and Pharmacol. 18: 251, 1945. (b) Batterman, R. C., and Ehrenfeld, I.: The ambulant treatment of the peptic ulcer syndrome: The comparative effectiveness and constipating action of antacids, Gastroenterology 9: 141, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar36. KrantzKiblerBell JCDVFK(a) : The neutralization of gastric acidity with basic aluminum aminoacetate, J. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therap. 82: 247, 1944. (b)Reuling, J. R., Rossien, A. X., and Wolgel, M. I.: A report on peptic ulcer therapy using a new antacid, Rev. Gastroenterol. 16: 856, 1949. Google Scholar37. Haynes HG: Basic aluminium carbonate as an antacid, Pharm. J. 157: 154, 1946. Google Scholar38. Mutch N: Synthetic magnesium trisilicate, Brit. M. J. 1: 205, 1936. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar39. Mann WN: Experiments on the neutralization of HCl by magnesium trisilicate, Guy's Hosp. Rep. 87: 151, 1937. Google Scholar40. Kraemer M: The use of hydrated magnesium trisilicate in peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 5: 422, 1938-39. CrossrefGoogle Scholar41. Reid CG: The control of gastric hyperacidity by magnesium trisilicate, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 6: 267, 1939. CrossrefGoogle Scholar42. Kirsner JB: A further study of the effect of various antacids on the hydrogen-ion concentration of the gastric contents, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 53, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar43. Nicol BM: Control of gastric acidity in peptic ulcer, Lancet 2: 881, 1939. CrossrefGoogle Scholar44. Mutch N: Antipeptic and antacid therapy with special reference to adsorbent complexes of calcium and magnesium phosphates, Lancet 1: 859, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar45. Wyllie D(a) : The influence of certain antacids on the acidity of human gastric juice with special reference to magnesium trisilicate, Edinburgh M. J. 47: 336, 1940. (b) Goldstein, H. I.: The use of magnesium trisilicate, colloidal kaolin and aluminum hydroxide in antacid gastric therapy, J. Internat. Coll. Surgeons 2: 379, 1939. MedlineGoogle Scholar46. DudenAbel CWO: A study of the action of various neutralizing agents on gastric acidity, Rev. Gastroenterol. 7: 334, 1940. Google Scholar47. Jankelson IR: Colloidal aluminum hydroxide gel and magnesium hydroxide in the management of peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 14: 11, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar48. AstrupMoller TV: Gastric antacids with retarded action, Acta pharmacol. et toxicol. 4: 130, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar49. Brick IB: Experience with sodium carboxy-methylcellulose as an antacid, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 16: 315, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar50. NechelesKrollBralowSpellberg HHSPMA(a) : Peptic ulcer in man. Part 4. A new antacid made to meet requirements of antacid therapy. Chemical and laboratory work, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 18: 1, 1951. (b) Bralow, S. P., Spellberg, M. A., Kroll, H., and Necheles, H.: Peptic ulcer in man. Part 5. A new antacid, SCMC, made to meet requirements of antacid therapy. Clinical evaluation, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 18: 7, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar51. Palmer WL: Fundamental difficulties in the treatment of peptic ulcer, J. A. M. A. 101: 1604, 1933. CrossrefGoogle Scholar52. Fogelson SJ: Gastric mucin treatment for peptic ulcer, Arch. Int. Med. 55: 7, 1935. CrossrefGoogle Scholar53. CodeRatkeLivermoreLundberg CHGW: Occurrence of gastric secretory inhibitor activity in fresh gastric and salivary mucin, Federation Proc. 8: 26, 1949. Google Scholar54. HardtBrodt LLLP: Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate plus mucin in treatment of peptic ulcer, Arch. Surg. 42: 884, 1947. Google Scholar55. KammerlingSteigmann EMF: Gastric secretory studies with a mucin-antacid mixture, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 14: 381, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar56. Littman A: The action of antacids in the human stomach; results with zirconium phosphate, Master's Thesis, Dept. Clinical Science, 1948, University of Illinois, Chicago. Google Scholar57. BreuhausAkreEyerly HCOHJB: Nocturnal gastric secretion in normal and duodenal ulcer patients on various forms of therapy, Gastroenterology 16: 172, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar58. Winkelstein A: A new therapy of peptic ulcer: continuous alkalinized milk drip into the stomach, (a) Tr. Am. Gastroent. A. 35: 176, 1932; (b) Am. J. M. Sc. 185: 695, 1933. Google Scholar59. WoldmanRowland EEVC(a) : A new technique for the continuous control of the acidity in peptic ulcer by the aluminum hydroxide drip, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 2: 733, 1935-36. (b) Clark, A. M.: Continuous drip treatment of peptic ulcer, Lancet 1: 435, 1950. CrossrefGoogle Scholar60. CornellHollanderWinkelstein AFA: The efficacy of the drip method in the reduction of gastric acidity, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 9: 332, 1942. CrossrefGoogle Scholar61. SamisHollander SMF: Acid-neutralizing power of several protein hydrolysates and other substances used in ulcer therapy, Gastroenterology 12: 665, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar62. Levy JS: (a) The comparative buffering capacity of intact and predigested protein, Gastroenterology 11: 883, 1948. (b) Comparative buffering capacity of intact and predigested protein following hourly feedings, Gastroenterology 16: 370, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar63. WoldmanFishmanKnowltonRonsuickStover EDRSAAWC: Evaluation of protein hydrolysate therapy for peptic ulcer, J. A. M. A. 137: 1289, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar64. FellerTidmarsh JCJ: The effect of amino acids on gastric acidity, Canad. M. A. J. 57: 23, 1947. Google Scholar65. Rossien AX: An evaluation of the antacid activity of protein hydrolysate using graduated doses in the human stomach, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 14: 205, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar66. RafskyKriegerHonig HACILJ: Protein studies in peptic ulcer, Gastroenterology 16: 358, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar67. LopusniakBerk MSJE: The comparative effects of casein hydrolysate, milk and milk-cream on gastric and duodenal bulb acidity in duodenal ulcer patients, Gastroenterology 11: 891, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar68. SunMachella DCTE: The effect of protein hydrolysate solutions on gastric acidity of peptic ulcer patients, Gastroenterology 16: 576, 1950. CrossrefGoogle Scholar69. SteigmannZweigMeyer FMK: Gastric acidity response during the intravenous administration of protein hydrolysates, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 33: 1627, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar70. SharickCampbell PRDA: Gastric secretory response to intravenously administered amino acid mixture, Surgery 27: 396, 1950. Google Scholar71. AdamsHolmes BAEL: Absorptive properties of synthetic resins. Part I, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 54: 1-6T, 1935. Google Scholar72. SegalHodgeWatson HLHJS: A polyamine-formaldehyde resin. I. Its effect upon the pH of acidified solutions and the pH and pepsin of gastric juice in vitro. II. Its toxicity in rats, Gastroenterology 4: 484, 1945. Google Scholar73. KraemerLehman MD: The treatment of peptic ulcer with anion exchange resins, Gastroenterology 8: 202, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar74. KraemerSiegel ML: Synthetic resin—a new antacid for treatment of peptic ulcer, Arch. Surg. 56: 318, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar75. Marks JA: An anion exchange resin for the medical management of peptic ulcer, Rev. Gastroenterol. 16: 82, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar76. MartinWilkinson GJJ: The neutralization of gastric acidity with anion exchange resins, Gastroenterology 6: 315, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar77. WilkinsonMartin JG: Physico-chemical aspects of the action of anion exchange resins in biochemical systems, Arch. Biochem. 10: 205, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar78. SpearsPfeiffer MMM: Anion exchange resin and peptic ulcer pain, Gastroenterology 8: 191, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar79. WirtsRehfuss CWME: A study of the effect of an anion exchange resin on gastric and duodenal secretions and gastric emptying, J. Clin. Investigation 29: 37, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar80. SteigmannSchlesinger FRB: A resin-gastric mucin mixture in the medical management of peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 17: 361, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar81. HallHornisher AACJ: The effect of anion exchange resin on the healing time of duodenal ulcer craters, Gastroenterology 16: 181, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar82. KirsnerWolff JBRA: Effect in vitro of various detergents on peptic activity of human gastric content, Gastroenterology 2: 270, 1944. Google Scholar83. KirsnerSpitzer JBEH: Further studies of the effect of sodium alkyl sulfate on peptic activity, Gastroenterology 2: 348, 1944. Google Scholar84. ShayKomarovSipletGruenstein HSAHM: An evaluation of some antacid and antipeptic agents in the prevention of gastric ulceration in the rat, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 14: 99, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar85. AlpertMartin SGJ: A comparative study of the inhibitory action of chemical agents on peptic activity, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 16: 10, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar86. ShochFogelson DSJ: Studies on peptic inhibition, (a) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 50: 304, 1942; (b) Quart. Bull., Northwestern Univ. M. School, 1942. CrossrefGoogle Scholar87. ShayKomarovSiplet HSAH: The inhibitory effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate upon the gastric secretory response to histamine, Science 105: 128, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar88. KirsnerWolff JBRA: Effect of sodium alkyl sulfate on peptic activity of gastric contents in man and in vitro, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 54: 11, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar89. SteigmannMarks FAR: Inhibition of peptic activity in the treatment of peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 11: 173, 1944. CrossrefGoogle Scholar90. KirsnerWolff JBRA: The effect of sodium alkyl sulfate on the peptic activity of the gastric contents and on the healing of gastric ulcer in man, Gastroenterology 2: 93, 1944. Google Scholar91. Breitwieser ER: The effect in vivo of sodium alkyl sulfate on peptic activity, Gastroenterology 9: 81, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar92. BiguriaCanzanelli FA: The effect of continued oral administration of histamine and pancreatin on gastric secretion, Am. J. Physiol. 110: 243, 1934. CrossrefGoogle Scholar93. AtkinsonIvy AJAC: The action of histaminase on gastric secretory response to histamine and to a meal, Am. J. Physiol. 107: 168, 1934. CrossrefGoogle Scholar94. NechelesOlsonScruggs HWHW: Histaminase: an experimental study, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 217, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar95. AtkinsonIvyBass AJACV: The effect of histaminase on the gastric secretory response to histamine, Am. J. Physiol. 132: 51, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar96. GrossmanRobertson MICR: Inhibition by histaminase of gastric secretion in dogs, Am. J. Physiol. 153: 447, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar97. SangsterGrossmanIvy WMIAC: The effect of two new histamine antagonists (benadryl and compound 63) on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in the dog, Gastroenterology 6: 436, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar98. FriesenBaronofskyWangensteen SRIDOH: Benadryl fails to protect against histamine-provoked ulcers, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 63: 23, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar99. LehmannStefko JPL: The action of thephorin upon histamine-induced gastric secretion in dogs and on gastric ulcer formation in rats, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 34: 372, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar100. McGavackEliasBoyd THHLJ: The influence of benadryl on gastric acidity, Gastroenterology 6: 439, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar101. Alsted G: Effect of amidryl on the gastric secretions in peptic ulcer, Nord. med. 40: 1778, 1948. Google Scholar102. KayScottSmith AWLDWE: Observations on the use of benadryl in duodenal ulcer, Glasgow M. J. 28: 145, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar103. MoerschRiversMorlock RUABCG: Some results of the gastric secretory response of patients having duodenal ulcer noted during the administration of benadryl, Gastroenterology 7: 91, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar104. PerryHorton ELBT: Use of pyribenzamine in prevention of histamine-induced gastric acidity and headache and in treatment of hypersensitiveness to cold, Am. J. M. Sc. 214: 553, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar105. HartmanMoore SADM: The effect of tripelennamine hydrochloride (pyribenzamine) on the gastric acidity of patients with peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 15: 271, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar106. EmmelinFrost WJ: The effect of β-dimethylaminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride on histamine-induced gastric secretion in the cat, Acta physiol. Scandinav. 13: 75, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar107. Gilg E: The effect of benadryl on the secretions of gastric juice, Acta pharmacol. et toxicol. 4: 81, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar108. AshfordHellerSwart CAHGA: The effect of antihistamine substances on gastric secretion in man, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 4: 157, 1949. Google Scholar109. CahanMeilmanJacobson AMEBM(a) : Agranulocytosis following pyribenzamine: report of a case, New England J. Med. 241: 865, 1949. (b) Hilker, A. W.: Agranulocytosis from tripelennamine (pyribenzamine) hydrochloride, J. A. M. A. 143: 741, 1950. (c) Maitland, H. S., Jr., and Guck, T. K.: Agranulocytosis after antihistaminic therapy, J. A. M. A. 143: 742, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar110. IvyGray ACJS(a) : Enterogastrone, Symposia on Quantitative Biology 5: 405, 1937. (b) Grossman, M. I.: Gastrointestinal hormones, Physiol. Rev. 30: 33, 1950. (These two papers summarize the experimental data.) Google Scholar111. Friedman MH: Enterogastrone and urogastrone in peptic ulcer, in Postgraduate Gastroenterology H. L. Bockus, ed., 1950, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, p. 156. Google Scholar112. Uvnäs B(a) : The effect of enterogastrone on the gastric secretions of the cat stimulated by continuous administration of histamine, Acta physiol. Scandinav. 15: 2, 1948. (b) Howat, H. T., and Schofield, B.: A double histamine test for inhibitors of gastric secretion, J. Physiol. 107: 30P, 1948. CrossrefGoogle Scholar113. KirsnerLevinPalmer JBEWL: Studies on the nocturnal and 24-hour gastric secretions during the injection of an enterogastrone concentrate in man, Gastroenterology 10: 256, 1948. (The gastric secretory studies in animals are summarized in this paper.) MedlineGoogle Scholar114. LevinKirsnerPalmer EJBWL: Preliminary observations on histamine and insulin stimulated gastric secretions during the injection of an enterogastrone concentrate in man, Gastroenterology 10: 274, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar115. KirsnerLevinPalmer JBEWL: Effect of dialyzed enterogastrone upon nocturnal gastric secretions in man, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle The effect of enterogastrone on gastric secretions in human Gastroenterology 11: 1948. MedlineGoogle Treatment of peptic ulcer with Arch. Surg. 56: 372, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle of peptic ulcer in man as by treatment with an enterogastrone preparation, Gastroenterology 12: 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle : Medical treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer with med. 1947. (b) M.: 157, 1948. (c) H.: Treatment of and cases of peptic ulcer, med. 1948. Treatment of peptic results with of and Rev. Digest. 9: 1950. J. B.: in peptic ulcer, Lancet 2: 1950. MedlineGoogle : The effect of urogastrone on gastric secretions in man, Am. J. Physiol. 1940. (b) J. S., and A. Inhibition of gastric secretion in man with Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 1941. (c) J. The present status of Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 1941. Google : The of to peptic ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 6: 1939. (b) M. H. F., and The gastric secretory in Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 1941. (c) Enterogastrone, and Gastroenterology 5: 1945. The status of in peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer, and W. B. Saunders Co., CrossrefGoogle effects on the gastroduodenal mucosa, Am. J. M. Sc. 1942. CrossrefGoogle Studies of in I. Gastric secretion in and the Am. J. M. Sc. CrossrefGoogle S: gastric acidity and the of in Brit. M. J. 2: 1945. CrossrefMedlineGoogle The of gastric secretions by the of 1939. CrossrefGoogle : The prevention or healing of experimental peptic ulcer in dogs with the Am. J. Digest. Dis. 5: 1938. (b) and M. H. The use of in the treatment of ulcer, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 7: 1940. (c) M. H., M. H. F., H. C., and A. A.: The effect of on peptic ulcer: an experimental and clinical study, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 1941. and L. Treatment of experimental ulcers with Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 1941. H. C., E. and in treatment of dogs, Gastroenterology 12: 1949. CrossrefGoogle the inhibitory effect of on gastric secretion, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 3: 1936-37. CrossrefGoogle AtkinsonIvy AJAC: Further to Am. J. Digest. Dis. 5: 1938-39. CrossrefGoogle The effect of on gastric acidity, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 5: 292, 1938-39. CrossrefGoogle Winkelstein A: A the the and peptic ulcer, J. Hosp. 7: 1942. Google KirsnerLevinPalmer JBEWL: of an of to influence gastric secretions in man, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle the urogastrone and An of the effect of upon gastric secretion, Google KirsnerLevinPalmer JBEWL: Effect of various on gastric secretion of patients with duodenal Google : The effect of and of on gastric secretion in the dog, 1940. (b) B. The effect of and of on gastric secretion in the dog, Rev. Gastroenterol. 7: 1940. CrossrefGoogle in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer, Arch. Google The effect of upon J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 35: 1950. MedlineGoogle : studies in peptic ulcer, J. A. M. A. 1950. (b) A.: of peptic ulcer during therapy, J. A. M. A. 1951. (c) J. and A. The effects of and in gastric CrossrefMedlineGoogle : of effects of a new and a new Federation Proc. 8: 1949. (b) L., W. and R. of a new J. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therap. 435, 1950. Google Peptic ulcer, 1950, The Co., (The on is summarized in Google AtkinsonIvy AJAC: Studies on the control of gastric I. on the II. as Am. J. Digest. Dis. 4: CrossrefGoogle LevinKirsnerPalmer EJBWL: The effect of sulfate on gastric secretion in man, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 37: 1951. (The studies in man are summarized in this paper.) MedlineGoogle The effect of on gastric secretion during the Surgery 13: 1943. Google The effect of on the secretions of acid by the human stomach, Am. J. Digest. Dis. 4: CrossrefGoogle The effects of some synthetic agents on human gastric and duodenal Gastroenterology 11: 1948. MedlineGoogle : of J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947. (b) Clinical of A new Gastroenterology 17: 1951. CrossrefGoogle The effect of on the