When is open ureterolithotomy indicated for the treatment of ureteral stones?

Abstract

Open surgery, which is nowadays being replaced with laparoscopic techniques, is generally indicated for failed endourological procedures (58%), particularly in centers that do not have flexible ureteroscopy or laser lithotriptor, and in patients with larger stones (>3 cm). Children (17.8%) are also candidates for open surgery, if specifically designed endourological equipment is not available.