The Cepheid Distance to NGC 1637: A Direct Test of the Expanding Photosphere Method Distance to SN 1999em

Abstract

Type II-plateau supernovae (SNe II-P) are the classic variety of core-collapse events that result from isolated, massive stars with thick hydrogen envelopes intact at the time of explosion. Their distances are now routinely estimated through two techniques: the expanding photosphere method (EPM), a primary distance-determining method, and the recently developed standard-candle method (SCM), a promising secondary technique. Using Cycle 10 HST observations, we identify 41 Cepheid variable stars in NGC 1637, the host galaxy of the most thoroughly studied SN II-P to date, SN 1999em. Remarkably, the Cepheid distance that we derive to NGC 1637, D = 11.7 +/- 1.0 Mpc, is nearly 50% larger than earlier EPM distance estimates to SN 1999em. This is the first direct comparison between these two primary distance determining methods for a galaxy hosting a well-observed, spectroscopically and photometrically normal, SN II-P. Extensive consistency checks show strong evidence to support the Cepheid distance scale, so we are led to believe that either SN 1999em is in some heretofore unsuspected way an unusual SN II-P, or that the SN II-P distance scale must be revised. Assuming the latter, this one calibration yields H_0(EPM) = 57 +/- 15 km/s/Mpc and H_0(SCM) = 59 +/- 11 km/s/Mpc; additional calibrating galaxies are clearly desirable in order to test the robustness of both determinations of H_0. The HST observations of NGC 1637 also captured the fading SN 1999em two years after explosion, providing the latest photometry ever obtained for an SN II-P. Through comparison with photometry of SN 1987A at similar epochs, we conclude that a slightly greater amount of radioactive Ni-56, ~0.09 M_sun, was ejected by SN 1999em than was derived for SN 1987A (0.075 M_sun).