Ferric chloride and alum as single and dual coagulants

Abstract

A design‐and‐operation diagram for Fe(III) coagulation has been developed by using empirical work and information in the literature about coagulation. This diagram is compared with a previously developed design‐and‐operation diagram for alum coagulation. Empirical work has shown that combining alum and ferric chloride as dual coagulants does not result in a more effective coagulant.