The impact of CpG island methylator phenotype and microsatellite instability on tumour budding in colorectal cancer

Abstract

These findings underline that MSI, rather than CIMP, plays a role in conferring a tumour budding phenotype. Budding retains its unfavourable prognostic effect independently of these five molecular features. Continued efforts to standardize the assessment of tumour budding are necessary to integrate this feature into daily diagnostic routine.