Molecular phylogeny of fungus gnats ( <scp>D</scp> iptera: <scp>M</scp> ycetophilidae) revisited: position of <scp>M</scp> anotinae, <scp>M</scp> etanepsiini, and other enigmatic taxa as inferred from multigene analysis

Abstract

Abstract The phylogeny of selected genera from four subfamilies of fungus gnats ( D iptera: M ycetophilidae) – M anotinae, L eiinae, S ciophilinae and G noristinae (including M etanepsiini) – is reconstructed based on the combined analysis of five mitochondrial ( 12S , 16S , COI , COII , cytB ) and two nuclear ( 28S , ITS2 ) gene markers. Results of the different analyses all support M anotinae as a monophyletic group, with L eiinae as the sister group. Allactoneura DeMeijere is nested in the monophyletic and strongly supported clade of L eiinae. The tribe M etanepsiini is revealed as paraphyletic and the genera Metanepsia E dwards and Chalastonepsia S øli do not appear to be closely related. The genera Docosia W innertz, Ectrepesthoneura E nderlein, Novakia S trobl and Syntemna W innertz were placed with a group of genera included traditionally in the G noristinae. The monophyly of Dziedzickia J ohannsen and Phthinia W innertz is not supported. The genera of S ciophilinae (excluding Paratinia M ik but including Eudicrana L oew) form a monophyletic group in the B ayesian model.