Medications in the first trimester of pregnancy: most common exposures and critical gaps in understanding fetal risk

TLDR

The study aims to identify the most commonly used first‑trimester medications and the critical gaps in fetal‑risk data for those drugs. The authors surveyed self‑reported first‑trimester medication use among control mothers in two large case–control studies and reviewed Teratology Information System expert ratings to assess data gaps. Among 5,381 mothers, 54 medication components were used by at least 0.5% of women, yet only two had adequate teratogenic data, underscoring widespread gaps in fetal‑risk information. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine which medications are most commonly used by women in the first trimester of pregnancy and identify the critical gaps in information about fetal risk for those medications. Methods Self‐reported first‐trimester medication use was assessed among women delivering liveborn infants without birth defects and serving as control mothers in two large case–control studies of major birth defects. The Teratology Information System (TERIS) expert Advisory Board ratings of quality and quantity of data available to assess fetal risk were reviewed to identify information gaps. Results Responses from 5381 mothers identified 54 different medication components used in the first trimester by at least 0.5% of pregnant women, including 31 prescription and 23 over‐the‐counter medications. The most commonly used prescription medication components reported were progestins from oral contraceptives, amoxicillin, progesterone, albuterol, promethazine, and estrogenic compounds. The most commonly used over‐the‐counter medication components reported were acetaminophen, ibuprofen, docusate, pseudoephedrine, aspirin, and naproxen. Among the 54 most commonly used medications, only two had “Good to Excellent” data available to assess teratogenic risk in humans, based on the TERIS review. Conclusions For most medications commonly used in pregnancy, there are insufficient data available to characterize the fetal risk fully, limiting the opportunity for informed clinical decisions about the best management of acute and chronic disorders during pregnancy. Future research efforts should be directed at these critical knowledge gaps. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.