Phytoremediation of Mercury- and Methylmercury-Polluted Soils Using Genetically Engineered Plants

Abstract

Inorganic mercury in contaminated soils and sediments is relatively immobile, though biological and chemical processes can transform it to more toxic and bioavailable methylmercury. Methylmercury is neurotoxic to vertebrates and is biomagnified in animal tissues as it is passed from prey to predator. Traditional remediation strategies for mercury contaminated soils are expensive and site-destructive. As an alternative we propose the use of transgenic aquatic, salt marsh, and upland plants to remove available inorganic mercury and methylmercury from contaminated soils and sediments. Plants engineered with a modified bacterial mercuric reductase gene, merA, are capable of converting Hg(II) taken up by roots to the much less toxic Hg(0), which is volatilized from the plant. Plants engineered to express the bacterial organo-mercurial lyase gene, merB, are capable of converting methylmercury taken up by plant roots into sulfhydryl-bound Hg(II). Plants expressing both genes are capable of converting ionic mercury and methylmercury to volatile Hg(0) which is released into an enormous global atmospheric Hg(0) pool. To assess the phytoremediation capability of plants containing the merA gene, a variety of assays were carried out with the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana, and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).