Emergence of multi and pan-drug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii carrying blaOXA-type-carbapenemase genes among burn patients in Tehran, Iran

Abstract

H epatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem, and more than 350 million people are chronic carriers of the virus. 1,2 The infection is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from acute or fulminant hepatitis to various forms of chronic infection, including asymptomatic carrier, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 2 Although serological and genotypic classifications of HBV have been well documented, 3 sensitive detection and quantification of HBV genomic DNA seems to constitute a promising method to monitor HBV infections and the efficacy of antiviral treatment. 4 The routine HBV serology includes tests for detecting HBV surface antigen (HbsAg), HBV envelope-antigen (HbeAg), or surface-antibody (anti-Hbs), envelope-antibody (anti-Hbe), and HBV core antibodies (anti-HbcIgG and anti-HbcIgM).In this study we evaluate primarily the sensitivity and suitability of our in house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HBV-DNA in patients' serum with different immunological and enzymatic status.One hundred and twenty serum samples included in this study, were collected from deferent private laboratories in Amman, Jordan from December, 2005 to April, 2006 according to the human ethics, approved by the local human ethics committee.All samples were tested for HBV by serological and molecular methods.We used the commercial kit SURASE B-96 (TMB) (General Biological Corp. Hsin Chu, Taiwan), as a general biological enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the qualitative test of HbsAg and HbeAg status.As a result, 88 samples were diagnosed as HbsAg (+), 20 samples HbsAg-HbeAg (+), and 12 samples were HbsAg (-).For our in-house PCR, HBV-DNA was extracted using DNAzol BD (Molecular Research Center, Incorporation, Cincinnati, OH, USA) reagents 4 according to the manufacture's instructions, and finally 5 l of the extracted DNA solution was taken for the amplification.The primers were constructed to target a part of the S-region DNA sequence encoding for the HbsAg.To yield a product of 255 bp, we used [5'CAAGGTATGTTGCCCGTTTG-3'] as forward primer and [5'-AAAGCCCTGCGAACCACTGA-3'] as reverse primer.Polymerase chain reaction was performed for 35 cycles in a DNA thermal cycler (Techne) for 30