Evidence for an antigen-driven humoral immune response in medullary ductal breast cancer.

Abstract

A minority of breast cancers is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates that have been correlated with improved patient survivals. The association of improved prognosis with plasmacytic infiltrates has been classically linked with the rare medullary carcinoma subtype but is also evident in the smaller infiltrated fraction of the more abundant nonmedullary (not otherwise specified) tumors. It is our hypothesis that these plasma cell (PC) infiltrates represent a host humoral response driven by one or more tumor-derived neoantigens. As the index study group, two primary medullary carcinoma tumors were examined. Immunophenotyping confirmed a large number of IgG PCs in contradistinction to normal breast, which typically contains a lesser number of mainly IgA isotypes. IgG heavy and light chains were expressed as combinatorial phage Fab libraries. VH and VL sequences showed a preponderance of clonal groups in both patients, as identified by germ-line gene usage and junctional mutation patterns. Panning of phage Fab libraries against purified antigens excluded Her2/neu and p53 as the eliciting antigen, and failure of clonal enrichment by cell panning suggested that the neoantigen was not membrane expressed or was expressed at low levels. Cognate, original VH+VL pairs were obtained by single cell PCR of tumor PCs, which showed overlap with the pooled IgG libraries. Tumor-derived IgG V genes exhibited mutational patterns that were consistent with antigenic selection and affinity maturation. Where examined, IgG1 was the predominant isotype, consistent with a T-dependent (i.e., protein) antigen. From these data, we infer that the breast tumor PC infiltrates of the medullary carcinoma subtype are compatible with an autogenic tumor neoantigen-driven humoral immune response.