4-Hydroxyisoleucine improves hepatic insulin resistance by restoring glycogen synthesis in vitro.

Abstract

4-HIL directly or indirectly reversed TNF-α reduced glycogen levels by inhibiting JNK and IRS-1 (Ser(307)) phosphorylation and increasing AKT (Ser(473)) and GSK-3 phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate that 4-HIL modulates hepatic insulin resistance at the molecular level, and suggest that it is a novel potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of insulin resistance in patients with diabetes.