Exceptional stiffening in composite fiber networks

Abstract

We study the small strain elastic behavior of composite athermal fiber networks constructed by adding stiffer fibers to a cross-linked base network. We observe that if the base network is in the affine deformation regime, the composite behaves similar to a fiber-reinforced continuum. When the base network is in the nonaffine deformation regime, the stiffness of the composite increases by orders of magnitude upon the addition of a small fraction of stiff fibers. The increase is not gradual, but rather occurs in two steps. Of these, one is associated with the stiffness percolation of the network of added fibers. The other, which occurs at very small fractions of stiff fibers, is due to the percolation of perturbation zones, or "interphases," induced in the base network by the stiff fibers, regions where the energy is stored mostly in the axial deformation mode. Their size controls the stiffening transition and depends on base network parameters and the length of added fibers. It is also shown that the perturbation field introduced in the base network by the presence of a stiff fiber is much longer ranged than in the case when the fiber is tied to a continuum of same modulus with the base network.