Topology (geometric modeling) is the study of the fundamental spatial relationships and connectivity of geometric objects, focusing on properties that are invariant under continuous deformation. Within the field of geometric modeling, this concept specifically pertains to the combinatorial structure of a shape representation, describing how its constituent elements (e.g., vertices, edges, faces, cells) are connected to form a coherent object. It provides the structural framework for representing and manipulating complex 3D models, distinct from their precise geometric coordinates or parametrizations, and is essential for operations such as model analysis, boolean operations, and meshing within computational design and graphics systems.