Solar physics (heliophysics) is the branch of physics and astrophysics dedicated to the comprehensive study of the Sun. It encompasses the investigation of the Sun's internal structure, energy generation mechanisms, atmospheric layers (photosphere, chromosphere, corona), and dynamic phenomena, including sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and the solar wind. This field applies principles from plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics to understand the fundamental processes governing solar activity and its propagation throughout the heliosphere. Solar physics (heliophysics) is crucial for understanding stellar evolution, the physics of plasmas under extreme conditions, and for characterizing the Sun's influence on planetary environments, including Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere, which is essential for geospace physics and space weather prediction.